Literature Review: The Influence of Socioeconomic Status and Nutritional Intake on Anemia in Pregnant Women

Annisa Rahmawati Septiani M. Ali; Irmayanti Haidir  Bima; Syahruni  Syahrir

Authors

Annisa Rahmawati Septiani M. Ali Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muslim Indonesia
Irmayanti Haidir Bima Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muslim Indonesia
Syahruni Syahrir Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Keywords:

Anemia, Pregnant Women, Socioeconomic Status, Nutritional Intake

Abstract

Anemia in pregnancy remains a major public health problem, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, including Indonesia. This condition is influenced by multiple factors, especially socioeconomic status and nutritional intake, which may affect maternal hemoglobin levels and pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to analyze the influence of socioeconomic status and nutritional intake on the incidence of anemia among pregnant women. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PICOS framework and PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Articles were searched through PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, ProQuest, and other scientific sources, with publication years ranging from 2020 to 2025. The inclusion criteria covered full-text peer-reviewed articles written in Indonesian or English, using cross-sectional, cohort, or case-control designs, and focusing on pregnant women and anemia-related socioeconomic or nutritional factors. From 1,250 initially identified articles, 15 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final analysis. The review showed that low education, limited family income, informal employment, rural residence, poor access to health services, and inadequate antenatal care were associated with a higher risk of anemia in pregnancy. Nutritional factors, including insufficient intake of iron, protein, folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin C, calcium, and low dietary diversity, were also strongly related to reduced hemoglobin levels. These findings indicate that anemia in pregnant women is influenced by the interaction between socioeconomic conditions and nutritional adequacy. Therefore, prevention strategies should integrate nutrition improvement, iron-folic acid supplementation, health education, socioeconomic support, and improved access to antenatal care.

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